I.T.S Group of Educational Institutions is a pioneer educational group which has since evolved as a brand in the realm of education. Established in 1995 under the aegis of Durga Charitable Society started with its first campus in Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, The Group is now having four campuses formidable with establishments at Muradnagar and Greater Noida also, imparting multidisciplinary curricula

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India has made significant advances in health of its populations over more than a decade, reducing the gap between rural and urban areas and between the rich and the poor. Huge disparities, however, still remain, and access to healthcare in rural areas remains a huge challenge. A one-day National Consultation, nested within the World Rural Health Conference, was held to share learnings from experiences and evidence of rural primary healthcare within India and from across the world, to identify elements that may guide improvements in healthcare in rural India. From discussions, this article summarizes the evidence on what works for rural primary care, and then provides recommendations for strengthening healthcare in rural India.

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Diphtheria is caused by a toxigenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which remains as one of the important causes of illness and death among children. Globally, epidemic waves of diphtheria have killed thousands of children in early 1920s, i.e., before the vaccine era. There are four main biotypes of C. diphtheriae available namely C.d. Gravis, C.d. Intermedius, C.d. Mitis, and C.d. Belfanti. Globally, the C.d. Intermedius is most often associated with exotoxin production, although all three strains are capable of producing exotoxin. Diphtheria patients are usually prescribed for diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics such as erythromycin/penicillin. Keeping all the pathogenic information in context, here in the present review we have accumulated all the recent updates on diphtheria and also presented a timely discussion on diagnosis and vaccination procedure, which might assist future therapeutics.

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Mental illnesses are characterised by health conditions manifesting changes in thinking, emotion, behaviour or a combination of these entities. Mental illnesses are associated with problems of functioning in social, work or family activities. According to US data on Mental illness 19% of adults experience mental illness, 4.1 % have serious illness and 8.5 % have a substance use disorder. Health is defined as not only of physical well-being but also mental well-being. In contrast to common conception, mental illness is treatable and they are able to function in the society like other people. They can pursue education, work involving labour or where physical skill is required. It is worth mentioning that many of the patients are so intelligent that they can function with great intelligence when they are in remission.

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Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.

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Advances in acute care medicine have increased the chances of survival for patients with severe illness or trauma. The major causes of modifiable and non-modifiable mortality among patients treated in medical or surgical intensive care units (ICUs) are trauma, sepsis, complications of diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension, respiratory support, CVA, electrolyte imbalance, poisoning and snake bite. Such analysis will give an insight into the various factors which led to death. The pre-hospital co-morbidities will reinforce the internist to anticipate and take appropriate measures to mitigate their onslaught. In this way, the mortality in the ICU may be curtailed

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Tongue-tie, also known as ankyloglossia, is a congenital condition where the strip of skin connecting the baby's tongue to the floor of the mouth is shorter than usual. The baby may be diagnosed with tongue-tie during her first routine check-up. Often Tounge-Tie is diagnosed when the baby has difficulty in breast-feeding, speech and oral hygiene or nutrition. Sometimes, an adult patient may present with the condition. It affects more males as compared to females. Surgery is often required.

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Immunization is an attractive disease prevention strategy. This refers to the building up of the capacity of the body to create a response to defend against the invading foreign agent (s). This building up of the process is called immunization. The first successful vaccine developed was Smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796. He followed up his observation that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later contracted smallpox. He showed that inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox. This remarkable discovery paved the way to undertake Smallpox eradication form the globe. This was possible because there were no extra human reservoir(s) of the virus (except monkey pox). The last case of Smallpox was reported in December 1977 from Somalia. It was concluded that smallpox had been eradicated; a conclusion endorsed by the WHO General Assembly in May 1980.
Immunization results in production of antibodies against the offending agent (humoral immunity) or helps development of delayed hypersensitiy (e.g. Tuberculosis, Leprosy). This type of immunity is called active immunity. On the other hand, transfer of antibodies to confer rapid immunity is called passive immunity (e.g. transfer of immunoglobulin). However, when the immune system of the body fails to recognize its own antigens and produce antibodies and antigen-antibody reactions occur resulting in destruction and impaired functioning of the organ (s) (e.g. Hashimato’s thyroiditis). This recognition of self as non self is called autoimmune reaction or disease.
Immunization was generally considered as the domain of infants and young children. This is typified by the introduction of Triple antigen, Oral Polio, Mumps and Measles vaccination (Triple antigen & MMR) as expanded immunization programmed (EPI) [1]. The immunization of children over many years no doubt protected them, but over the years the immunity fell down and in adulthood they became vulnerable to these diseases. Currently, diphtheria is seen in adults also [2]. A strong suspicion will be required for early diagnosis in adults. In view of this, the policy of immunization recommendation has required a relook.
A host of vaccines are now available, e.g. Polio, Chickenpox, Hepatitis, Dengue, Chickungunia, Japanese encephalitis, Pneumococcal & Meningococcal, Oral cholera Vaccine, Influenza, Haemophilus Influenza B, Rotavirus, Rabies, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, Tuberculosis, Anthrax, HPV, Malaria and HIV. Some of them are in developmental stage, e.g. HIV, Tuberculosis. Some of these vaccines are also required for infants and children [3].
A few aspects should be addressed in such situation. Maintenance of cold chain is absolutely necessary. Not all vaccines are giving 100% protection, e.g. Dengue, Cholera, while Smallpox vaccination gives lifelong protection. Encouraged by Smallpox eradication, Polio eradication has been successfully completed. Technical assistance from WHO was available for the countries and this was crucial to the success. New and reemerging diseases warrant strict surveillance and as and when required develop vaccines to combat these new and emerging diseases. Recombinant technology has been very useful.

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Opinion statementVisceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is caused by several species of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite (Leishmania donovani) transmitted to humans by the bite of infected phelobotomine argentipes sandflies. VL is a disease of poverty, affecting the poorest of the poor. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in some areas (localized). If the infection is left untreated, the patient dies in about 2 years. Several drugs are now available for the treatment of VL. However, some of them are very costly (miltefosine, lipid amphotericin B). Sodium stibogluconate is an effective drug and the backbone of VL treatment for about six decades. Unfortunately, parasites developed resistance against the drug. In some areas in India, for example in North Bihar, approximately 60% of isolates are resistant to this treatment. In addition, the compound exhibits high cardio-toxity, which is an important limiting factor for its use. Based on the new data, which became available, the WHO/SEARO Regional Technical Advisory Group (RTAG) especially constituted for the kala-azar elimination program undertaken by India, Nepal, and Bangladesh in 2005, recommended that miltefosine should be used as the first line drug. However, the RTAG at its meeting in Dhaka (Bangladesh) in 2009 modified the above recommendation and advised that miltefosine should be phased out and replaced by lipid amphotericin B. The decision to switch over to lipid amphotericin B could have been delayed, because the program had already made substantial progress using miltefosine. In view of drug resistance, low compliance, availability and cost, it is imperative that serious efforts should be made to develop new drugs, preferably oral, for the treatment of VL and PKDL

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Introduction: Human beings take decision all day long in mostly every action of her/his life. It is believed that optimum decisionmaking is an art. Studies suggest that most people act much weaker than expected [1]. It could be said that all actions and affairs of human in any domain of life are the results of decision-making processes. Nowadays, deciding is a process which is related to problem-solving and therefore, decision-making is known as a problem-solving action. In other words, mentally, a problem occurs when the desired situation of the person appears that is different with the current situation. In such an occasion, individual primarily tries to change the current situation or condition in her/his mind, and then, willing to change the surrounding environment in order to achieve the desired goals [2]. Considering the need to take a suitable decision in a proper time, the presence of a system to provide people with aid in decision-making is of high value. Systems which do not only provide information, but also participate in even simple decision-making activities of any organization, are known as Decision Support Systems (DSS) [3]. DSS is a computer-based system of information processing which is mainly developed to support organizational and enterprise affairs. Today authors believe that DSS could be told to any system that can support decision-making processes. In other words, DDSs are information systems which support organization, institutional, and/or enterprise activities that are in some way related to decision-making. DSSs are especially important when the situation is rapidly changing and anticipation and determination of future situations/conditions are hardly possible [4]. Medical errors are one of the major problems in public health and are considered as threats to patients’ security. Patients’ security has a great role in healthcare. Authors have suggested the use of information technology advances as a suitable strategy to improve the quality of healthcare services and patients’ health. One of the most important and applicable information systems are clinical decision support systems (CDSS). In fact, one brilliant domain of the implementation of DSS is clinical decision-making [5]. The domain of health is nowadays a wide area of information which is actually demanding for professional consultation and support, especially with every-day change and extension of medical knowledge in different aspects of healthcare system. These aspects include: diagnosis,

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While the Indian IT/ITeS sector has registered tremendous growth over the last two decades, the viability of the growth models adopted by the IT organisations is now in question. This article, in its first part, assesses the value pyramid of the Indian IT services and in examining the avenues of growth up the value chain, suggests that the industry’s involvement in inclusive growth and holistic development of society is imperative in the journey forward. A discussion with industry practitioners in the second part of the article throws light on the strategies and initiatives being taken in the industry to meet the challenges and opportunities going forward.

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Abstract. It is a review article about Decision Support Systems in medicine. The article contains information about definition, classification, methods and examples of modern and active CDSS.
Keywords: medicine, DSS, active CDSS, CDSS, modern CDSS.
Столетиями человечество собирало информацию об окружающем мире. Ее становилось все больше и сейчас невозможно найти человека, который бы знал все об определенной науке. Та же логика применима и к медицине. Один врач, насколько бы опытен он не был, физически не способен помнить и безошибочно применять все знания своей специальности без помощи своих коллег, книг и т.п. Однако выставление точного диагноза и подбор соответствующего лечения являются важной задачей деятельности медика. Для решения этой задач применяются системы поддержки принятия решений.
В общем смысле, системы поддержки принятия решений (СППР) – это компьютерные системы, предназначенные для сбора, обработки данных и реализации моделей, помогающих принимать решения в предпринимательстве, бизнесе и других областях. В медицине СППР получают данные о состоянии здоровья пациента, например, список симптомов, и подсказывают пользователю возможный диагноз, решение принимает непосредственно сам пользователь.

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